Nanoscale science and technology based on nanoscale materials, such as nanotubes, nanowires, and individual molecules, have the potential to catalyze the next technological “revolution”. The left figure shows the prototypical three-terminal device configuration, which, depending on the active nanoscale element, can be used for nanoscale memory, logic, spintronic, optoelectronic, electromechanical, and sensing devices. Such a configuration is also required for measuring fundamental physical properties such as electron transport, optoelectronic and mechanical properties. Atomic-scale features such as adsorbates and atomic-scale defects play an important, yet poorly understood, role in determining physical properties of nanoscale materials, and hence nanodevices, because of their high surface to volume ratio and small size. Therefore, understanding and utilizing the effect of these atomic-scale features are crucial for unleashing the true potential of nanoscience and technology. Unfortunately, even imaging these features remains impossible. In addition, experiments typically have poor environmental control, rendering it impossible to separate extrinsic and intrinsic properties.  In our laboratory, we utilize a novel microscopy technique capable of resolving the atomic structure of nanoscale electronic devices and measure physical properties of nanoscale materials in an environment controlled down to atomic-scale. The capability of the microscopy technique is shown on the left figure.  Our unique scientific approach is essential for elucidating intrinsic physical properties of nanoscale materials and, therefore, for unleashing the true potential of nanoscale devices.